|
''Stachytarpheta cayennensis'' is a species of flowering plant in the verbena family known by many English language common names, including blue snakeweed, Cayenne snakeweed, dark-blue snakeweed, bluetop, nettle-leaf porterweed, rattail, rough-leaf false vervain,〔(''Stachytarpheta cayennensis''. ) Germplasm Resources Information Network.〕 blue rat's tail, Brazilian tea, Cayenne vervain, false verbena, joee, nettleleaf velvetberry,〔(''Stachytarpheta cayennensis''. ) US Forest Service. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER).〕 and Cayenne porterweed.〔(Joee (''Stachytarpheta cayennensis''). ) Invasive Species Fact Sheet, Pacific Islands Area. USDA NRCS. 2011.〕 Names in other languages include ''honagasō'' (Japanese), ''gervão-urticante'' (Brazilian Portuguese),〔 ''piche de gato'', ''rabo de zorro'' (Spanish), ''herbe á chenille'', ''herbe bleue'', ''queue de rat'' (French), ''ōi'', ''ōwī'' (Hawaiian), and ''tiāki'' (Māori).〔 It is native to the Americas, from Mexico south through Central and South America to Argentina, as well as many islands of the Caribbean. It is known in many other parts of the world as an introduced species, including regions in Africa, India, Indonesia, Australia, Florida in the United States, and many Pacific Islands. Its distribution is now considered pantropical. In many places it has become an invasive species.〔 This plant is a perennial herb or shrub growing up to 2〔 or 2.5〔Fernandes, R. (''Stachytarpheta cayennensis''. ) ''Flora Zambesiaca'' volume 8, part 7. 2005. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.〕 meters tall. It has an upright, branching stem, sometimes with a woody base. The leaves are oppositely arranged. The blades are up to 8 to 10 centimeters long, oval in shape with sharply toothed edges, and rough-textured or wrinkly on the upper surfaces. The inflorescence is a very narrow spike up to 40〔 to 45〔 centimeters long covered in pointed bracts. Occasional flower corollas bloom from between the bracts. The flowers are deep purple-blue to lavender with pale centers,〔 and white-flowered plants are known.〔〔Hyde, M. A., et al. (2013). (Species information: ''Stachytarpheta cayennensis''. ) Flora of Zimbabwe.〕 The flowers last a single day before wilting.〔Brown, S. H. and K. Cooprider. (''Stachytarpheta jamaicensis''. ) Lee County. University of Florida, IFAS Extension.〕 The plant was named for Cayenne, the capital of French Guiana.〔 In some places this plant is simply naturalized. It may be a casual weed, a "garden thug", a crop pest, or an invasive species with effects on the local ecosystem.〔(''Stachytarpheta cayennensis''. ) Global Compendium of Weeds. Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk (HEAR). 2007.〕 It is well-adapted to disturbed, cultivated, and wasted land. It grows in pastures, on cropland, and on roadsides. In grazed fields it propagates rapidly because livestock find it distasteful, avoid it, and selectively graze out the other vegetation. In rainy areas it can form thick beds, but it easily persists in dry areas.〔 In Florida, this ''Stachytarpheta'' is often confused with a closely related native species, ''S. jamaicensis''. It has appealing flower displays that attract butterflies; in its native range it was observed to attract 98 different species.〔Fonseca, N. G., et al. (2006). (Lepidópteros visitantes florais de ''Stachytarpheta cayennensis'' (Rich.) Vahl (Verbenaceae) em remanescente de Mata Atlântica, Minas Gerais, Brasil. ) ''Revista Brasileira de Entomologia'' 50(3) 399-405.〕 It is mistakenly sold as the native ornamental, planted, and allowed to take hold. It then has the potential to become a noxious weed. Hybrids of the two species also occur when it is introduced.〔〔(''Stachytarpheta urticifolia'' (syn. ''S. cayennensis''). ) Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. University of Florida, IFAS.〕 Intentional plantings for ornamental purposes are a common way that this plant spreads. It is also introduced when the seed is transported in garden waste, rainwater, fodder, and contaminated seed shipments, and on vehicles.〔 Methods of control include keeping the plants cut down or pulling them up, taking care to remove the large roots. Herbicides such as glyphosate are used.〔 This plant has some uses in traditional medicine. Several Latin American peoples recognize extracts of the plant as a treatment to ease the symptoms of malaria. The boiled juice or a tea made from the leaves or the whole plant is taken to relieve fever and other symptoms. It is also used for dysentery, pain, and liver disorders.〔Froelich, S., et al. (2008). (Phenylethanoid glycosides from ''Stachytarpheta cayennensis'' (Rich.) Vahl, Verbenaceae, a traditional antimalarial medicinal plant. ) ''Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia'' 18(4) 517-20.〕 A tea of the leaves is taken to help control diabetes in Peru and other areas.〔Adebajo, A. C., et al. (2007). (Hypoglycaemic constituents of ''Stachytarpheta cayennensis'' leaf. ) ''Planta Med'' 73(3) 241-50.〕 Laboratory tests indicate that the plant has anti-inflammatory properties.〔Schapoval, E. E., et al. (1998). (Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive activities of extracts and isolated compounds from ''Stachytarpheta cayennensis''. ) ''J Ethnopharmacol.'' 60(1) 53-9.〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stachytarpheta cayennensis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|